The Effects of Race on Self-Identity in Zora Hurstons Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1098 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/15 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: How It Feels To Be Colored Me Essay Did you like this example? The dictionary defines self-identity as The recognition of ones potential and qualities as an individual, especially in relation to social context (Merriam-Webster). Zora Neal Hurston explores her own self-identity in the essay How it Feels Colored Me. Hurston was born on January 7, 1891, in Notasulga, Alabama, although she always considered Eatonville, FL her hometown (www.zoranealshurston.com). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Effects of Race on Self-Identity in Zora Hurstons Essay" essay for you Create order The essay describes how the white society affects the authors view of herself and her self-identity, and the way societys opinion can inspire self-pride. Zora Hurston used variety of metaphors to explore and discuss her journey to develop her self-identity and self-pride. Zora Hurston was living her life without any feelings of self-identity at her childhood when she was living in the Eatonville town, because she was with same colored people. So, she feels all the people looks like her and she believes everybody Zora. Only she saw some white people crossing the town, everybody else were same colored people. She was self-pride herself  Ã‚   singing and dancing speak pieces(Hutson 1060) and comforting herself by watching on the road side actions in her front porch in that childhood time, but once she moved from her home town for schooling, she became colored girl. She says that . but I was their Zora nevertheless. I belonged to them, to the nearby hotels, to the countyeverybodys Zora (Hurston 1060). When she departs away from home, she feels gratified with other African American people and she was a chameleon in between the black and white people that came through her town. . Hurston emphasizes the joy she felt in being an intermediary between her own culture and that of the white foreigners: (Heard 145). Hurstons early experiences with two cultures, set her up to develop a confidence in herself and how she viewed her identity with both groups of people. I started writing new, but my mind is not working Zora Hurston did not question her self-identity while she was growing up an Eatonville FL, because everyone looked like her and shared her culture. Zora Hurston was describing her everyday life in Eatonville where she had pleasant conversations with her neighbors, sang and danced on the streets of Eatonville; she observed her environment from a comfortable spot on her front porch. During that time, she was everybodys Zora; free from the separation of feeling of different. Later on, she left home to attend a boarding school where she becomes a colored girl (Hurston 1060). She goes on to explain, . but I was their Zora nevertheless. I belonged to them, to the nearby hotels, to the countyeverybodys Zora (Hurston 1060). When she departs away from home, she feels gratified with other African American people and she was a chameleon in between the black and white people that came through her town. . Hurston emphasizes the joy she felt in bei ng an intermediary between her own culture and that of the white foreigners: (Heard 145). Hurstons early experiences with two cultures, set her up to develop a confidence in herself and how she viewed her identity with both groups of people.   Zora Hurstons strong self-identity allows her to feel proud of her race and her culture. Hurston stated that she does not see or consider herself tragically colored and begins weaving together self-representations based on her own ideas of herself that illustrates her self-pride. She is excessively caught up with sharpening her oyster knife to stop to consider the pain that discrimination may cause, and as a dark rock surged upon she raises all the deeper feelings for any hardships that she has needed to persevere in order to maintain her feeling of defiance in the face of that discrimination. Hurston does recognize the minutes when she feels her (or others) racial variations and judgments, and her description of the difference between and her interactions with white customers and black customers at a jazz club demonstrates the separation between their lives (Hurston 1060). By becoming a sharp knife and a dark rock, she strengthened her resolve to be herself. Regardless of what other people thought about her and despite how they treated her, she always focused on what she wanted to do and they way she viewed herself.  Ã‚   Hurston builds up an expanded metaphor in which she matched and compared herself to a brown colored bag loaded down with arbitrary bits and weaves. She compares all people of different races to various colored bags that, if purged into an expansive heap and re-stuffed, would illustrate the fact that all people are the same. This illustrates that people, regardless of race, are basically of similar human character. Hurston finishes up by attesting that the Great Stuffer of Bags, the Maker, may have molded people this way from the beginning. Along these lines, Hurston cultivates a point of view that looks away from pride in ones race to pride in ones self (Hurston 1061). The metaphors of the colored bags represent Hurstons opinion about race and how race should influence how people regard themselves, and how they should consider others. She clearly believes that the color of a persons skin has no bearing on the character or worth of an individual. This further demonstrates Hurstons str ong sense of self and pride in who she is.   Zora Hurston describes her journey of self-discover, identity, and self-pride with metaphors that represent ideas of race and character and how those ideas both separate and connect American society. Zora Hurston struggles and comes to terms with societys view of who she should be as an African American woman and her own ideals of self-identity and self-pride. Even though she was criticized by her own community for associating the white community, and while she didnt really fit in to the white community, her self-pride was enough to inspire her own self-identity to have the confidence to bridge both sides. How It Feels to Be Colored Me is a combative poem that clearly did not fit with the philosophies of racial discrimination of the times, nor did it totally interlock with the blooming of black dominance of the arts related with the Harlem Renaissance. In the poem, Hurston divorces herself from the sobbing school of Negrohood (1060). Hurston that expects her to persistently make a ca se for over a wide span of time shameful acts. She can rest during the night realizing that she has carried on with an equitable life, never being scare of the dark ghost (Hurston 1060) that may wind up alongside her in bed. Through her clever words, Hurston conveys a great message of self-acceptance to challenge the attitudes of her time about race, culture, self-identity that we can apply to our times.

Animal Agriculture The Devastating Environmental Impacts...

Animal Agriculture: The Devastating Environmental Impacts Since the beginning of mankind, we have become dependent on animal products as a food source. As population increased, so did the production of animal agriculture and its profitability. Unfortunately, it has grown into an industry that is unsustainable for this planet and is demolishing our environment at an astonishing rate. In the academic article, ‘Cowspiracy’ Strips the Meat Industry Down to the Bone, Ford reports the shocking statistic that â€Å"even if all utilities were turned off and every fossil-fuel-guzzling system of transportation ceased immediately, environmental damage that results from greenhouse gases would be irreversible†¦even with humanity’s greatest efforts, the dairy and meat industries will still eventually destroy life on Earth†. As the environment is at its most crucial and devastating point, the major contribution that animal agriculture has on rainforest deforestation, pollution of our water, and global warming becomes undeniable. Scientist have proven that global climate change is a direct result of mankind and is not in fact caused by natural occurrences. In addition, Walsh agrees with recent studies that the raising of livestock might be the biggest impact humans have on the planet today. Nonetheless, this impact is nothing to be proud of when animal agriculture takes up 40 percent of our earth’s land alone, is the cause of the world’s methane emissions by up to 40 percent and even 66Show MoreRelatedGlobal Greenhouse Emissions Are Caused By Animal Agriculture971 Words   |  4 Pages51 percent of global greenhouse emissions are caused by animal agriculture. According to the United Nations, a global shift toward a vegan diet is necessary to combat the worst effects of climate change (Peta.org). A study was conducted educating subjects on the adverse environmental effects of animal agriculture. A pre and post test through Google Forms was administered to study the effect of this education on the subject’s likelihood of eating meat. A matched pairs T Test was used to analyze theRead MoreAnimal Products Is An Integral Part Of Society1106 Words   |  5 PagesGreen and Clean Pleasant aromas waft through the air as steaks sizzle gently on the grill; the sight of this tender, juicy meat placed amply upon a serving dish incites salivation and eager anticipation. Consumption of animal products is an integral part of society; its grasp is deep, not only at a primal but also at a psychological level. We all have happy memories and positive associations with Grandma’s pot roast or Aunt Sue’s Thanksgiving turkey. But how often do we stop and think what weRead MoreHow The Vegan Diet Would Fight Against Negative Environmental Changes By Factory Farming And Dairy Industry Essay1079 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as increased energy, healthier skin, and reduced risks of heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Yes, many oppose the injustices of animal slavery. Yet, many people do not seem to realize that the most beneficial results of being plant-based are based around the environment. We are going to discuss how the vegan diet would fight against negative environmental changes created by factory farming and dairy industry. We will cover the aspects of climate change, land sustainability, and water pollutionRead MoreThe Production Of Animal Agriculture Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Animal agriculture is defined as the practice of breeding animals for the production of animal product purposes (MacLachlan, 2016). Animal agriculture is a continuous expanding industry globally. The quest for intensification in livestock farming has thundered ahead with little regard for sustainability and overall efficiency (Eisler, 2014). Because of this little regard of sustainability; there have been many issues and problems which have been risen due to the mass production of animal farmingRead MoreDeforestation Is A Big Environmental Issue1092 Words   |  5 PagesNowadays, deforestation becomes a big environmental issue around the world since forests play critical roles in many aspects for the life of all the living things. (World Wildlife Fund) There are many factors that will result in deforestation such as â€Å"fires, clear-cutting for agriculture, ranching and development, unsustainable logging for timber, and degradation due to climate change† (World Wildlife Fun d). Human activities would be the main cause of deforestation. (Ronca, 2008, p.1) World WildlifeRead MoreThe Incompatibility Between Economic Sustainability And Ecological Sustainability1714 Words   |  7 Pagessustainability and ecological sustainability is a contentious issue, specifically within the area of politics, technology, society, financial economies and environmental issues. When discussing such a matter the terms, sustainability, economic sustainability and ecological sustainability should be defined. Sustainability: the equality of environmental, social and economic necessities between today’s generation and tomorrow’s generation. Economic Sustainability: the employment of various strategies toRead More The Impact of Travel on the Evironment Essay example885 Words   |  4 PagesThe Impact of Travel on the Evironment Human history has been defined by movement and expansion, as humans slowly moved throughout the globe. Even after humans had populated the entire world, humans continued to travel for many reasons: war, trade, adventure, and religion. It would seem that the human species is filled with inveterate travelers. Throughout history, those nations and civilizations that had the best modes of transportation seemed to have a real competitive advantage. The â€Å"northernRead MoreWe Cannot Breathe Money1125 Words   |  5 Pagesthat we cannot breathe money? Climate change is a very real and serious issue and without urgent action the consequences will be devastating. We live in a consumer society where the economy and politics are driven by our obsession with progress. This is fantastic and has led to many wonderful inventions and advancements, but when this progress results in devastating destruction and irreversible damage, then we can no longer call it growth. The pastime of consumerism is predominantly enjoyed byRead MorePalm Oil Industry and Its Effects on the Indigenous Pleople of Ecuador1383 Words   |  6 Pagesdependent on the forest for their survival. The Waorani depend on the animals for food, the plants for medicine, the crops to build their homes and beds (Nova 1984). If the company’s palm oil plantations take away the forest, then they are taking away their source of protein as the monkeys will become scarce for them to find. The medicinal plants will be taken away as deforestation occurs and biodiversity among plants and animals decreases. The palm oil companies build large plantations that take awayRead MoreThe Impact of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations1629 Words   |  7 Pages(MLA) The Impact of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (Order #A2090977) In the past century there has been a substantial change in the way human beings raise and keep animals meant for food. While in the past there were great numbers of widely spaced small individual farms, now there are relatively few, but extremely large industrialized farms. And as the numbers of animals kept and slaughtered for human consumption increases, these industrialized farms, known as Concentrated Animal Feeding

Once Upon a Time Free Essays

In the poem â€Å"Once Upon a Time,† by Gabriel Okara, the persona is reflecting on the behavioral patterns of people in the present and the past hence using ‘once upon a time’ as the first line suggesting this was a long time ago. He then begins to compare the differences between how he acted as a child and how much that has changed now that he is an adult and a father . This poem is about a man growing up and losing the innocence he once had as a child. We will write a custom essay sample on Once Upon a Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now While in the poem â€Å"Forgive my Guilt,† by Robert Coffin, the persona committed an awful thing. As a boy he loved to shoot birds but it came to pass that one day he started to realize that the things he had done were â€Å"sins† line 1 captures this â€Å"not always sure what things called sins maybe†. In the poem he starts to recall the moment in which he killed the two birds the poet uses the imagery in line 4 and line 8 to capture this 4â€Å"I lay in the frost flowers with a gun†, â€Å"8my gun went off they ran with broken wings†. The persona in â€Å"once upon a time,† feels as if he has adapted all too well to the hypocrisy of the world using lines 20-24 â€Å"I have learned to wear many faces like dresses- home face, office face, street face, host face, cocktail face, with all their conforming smiles like a fixed portrait smile†, he uses the word conforming suggesting this is a permanent feature for example the face of a politicians wife, the persona has mastered the art of being a hypocrite. The persona desperately wants to change, he expresses his desires in lines 34-36 says â€Å"I want to be what I used to be when I was like you, I want to unlearn all these muting things†, this suggests that he wants to be like who he was when he was a child, before he was brought in to learning the muting like things of the world, he wants to go back to being hospitable, genuine, true, sincere etc. While the boy in the poem â€Å"Forgive my Guilt,† is eager to kill without knowing the consequences, now a man he is haunted by his past actions no matter how he tries to get over his sins even as an adult he cannot. This is seen in lines 17-19 â€Å"the cries went out one day, but I still hear them all over, the sounds of sorrow in war or peace I ever have heard, time cannot drown them†. The deaths made him feel sorry, sad and pity during the beginning, when they died he knew he cost them everything and felt guilty. The author expresses it again in lines 23-24, â€Å"I have hoped for years all that is world, airy, and beautiful will forgive my guilt. † In the poem â€Å"Once Upon a Time† and â€Å"Forgive My Guilt,† several literary devices can be found such as similes and puns. One example of a simile in the poem â€Å"Once Upon a Time,† can be found in line 23-24 â€Å"with all their conforming smiles like a fixed portrait smile. These lines were used by the poet to express the general image that was shown throughout the persona’s adult life . The word conforming is derived from the word ‘conform,’ which means to comply with rules, standards or laws or   behave according to socially acceptable conventions or standards: â€Å"the pressure to conform†. The persona was pushed to conform to the ways of the world â€Å"the muting things. † It wasn’t socially acceptable to show your true feelings, it was normal for him to behave hypocritically. The line also says, â€Å"like fixed portrait smiles,† this tells us that no matter where the persona went he had that portrait like smile, it was a permanent feature that came with him. This line is very effective it emphasizes how people behaved. In the poem â€Å"Forgive My Guilt† a pun was identified in line 21 where it says â€Å"two airy things forever denied the air† this line has two significant meanings: one , that the birds were denied the air because they were unable to fly and two, they are no longer going to be able to breathe (they are dead). These lines are very effective. The poet gives to us, the reader, an evoking mental image of what the persona denied the two birds. In both poems there is a sense of guilt, in â€Å"Forgive My Guilt† there was the guilt of the past and in the poem â€Å"Once Upon a Time† there was the guilt of the present. The poems reflect childhood experiences and how it affected the present state of each persona. How to cite Once Upon a Time, Essay examples

Principles of Logistic Management

Question: Provide more detailed discussion and in depth analysis with adequate referencing to the logistics concepts and models. Answer: Introduction The term logistics is related with the physical inflow and outflow of goods and associated services that are beneficial for a company in terms of linking to the external world before and after the production (Kappauf, Lauterbach, and Koch, 2012). In current business environment, the main challenges faced by the manufacturing company are to produce good quality products and distribute the same to final consumer to respond to their changing needs. Effective supply chain management positively supports companies to ensure availability of right material in right quantity, at the right time, and at the right place (Israr and Gangele, 2013). The main purpose of this report is to determine the areas in which the core functional domains and logistics could interface. In addition, this report also aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the current order cycle and inventory management. Concurrently, this report also provides suggestions to improve logistics management by applying the theories an d concepts. The company selected for this report is L'Oreal. L'Oreal operates one business as beauty for more than a period of 100 years and it successfully developed its energy and competencies in this area (L'Oreal, 2015). The company provides its services to men and women worldwide by effectively meeting their beauty desires. In addition, the company is also committed to fulfil its mission and objectives in an ethical and responsible manner. Across the world, a wide range of outstanding brands are developed and marketed by LOral through the use of highly diverged distribution networks (L'Oreal, 2015). It shows that in the success and the development of the company, L'Oreal's supply chain plays an important role. It is also found that around the main business sectors, the company's supply chain is integrated and structured. The company builds three logistics teams such as the sales logistics, industrial logistics, and international logistics to make sure about the effective supply chain management (L'Oreal, 2015). All the logistics teams con sider various factors such as control of cost, service quality, productivity and quality improvement, and flexibility to ensure about the success in complex international environment. The Interfaces The interfaces between the inbound logistics or purchasing and the core functional areas such as production, marketing, and finance and accounting are increasingly become important for organizations in order to ensure firm's long-term business survival (Agrawal, 2003). The coordination among all these functions is also essential to maximize the total value delivered by the organization. In addition, it is also found that interfaces between the logistics and other functional departments is also important to ensure the optimum utilization of an enterprise's resources. For example, the interfaces between the logistics and the marketing function is important to make sure about providing final customer satisfaction. Similarly, to ensure the firm's growth and success, managers at L'Oreal might also focus on maintaining the interfaces between the logistics and other organizational functions (L'Oreal, 2015). There are several areas at L'Oreal such as field warehousing, packaging, forecasts of demand, outbound shipping, and finished goods inventory and post sales parts support in which the logistics and the firm's marketing function might interface (Kappauf, Lauterbach, Koch, 2012). Additionally, to enhance the satisfaction level of end-consumers, the marketing function at the company can interface with logistics. For example, it is necessary that purchasing department has understanding about the needs of final consumers so that the supplier relationships can be developed accordingly to increase the satisfaction level (L'Oreal, 2015). Moreover, in areas like product mix, market research, pricing decisions and promotional activities, the marketing function might interface with the logistics. It would be helpful to ensure better information flow, improved packaging, customer service, and distribution channels. Moreover, in areas like in-plant warehousing, inbound transportation, raw material and work-in-process inventory, and scheduling of material flow, the logistics and the production function might interface (Sople, 2010). In this, the development of a common boundary between logistics and production function can be beneficial to optimize production run length as well as related warehousing costs of storing the raw material, WIP and finished products (Rushton, Croucher, and Baker, 2014). It can also be stated that the interfaces between both can be beneficial to make more cost effective production at L'Oreal. In addition to the marketing and production interfaces, the finance function at L'Oreal might interface with logistics in areas like budgets and allocation of resources (L'Oreal, 2015). It is because the interfaces support in making appropriate budgets for purchasing and allocate resources appropriately. Moreover, the development of common limit between the finance and logistics function can be beneficial to reduce inventory cost, packaging cost, lower production unit costs and meet effectively with different financial needs of the business successfully (Agrawal, 2003). The below diagram shows the interface between the logistics and other organizational functions: It is clear from the above diagram that logistic function at L'Oreal might interface with marketing and production functions in areas like coordination, control conflict resolution, etc. It is also clear that all these functions might also interface with logistic functions to make effective communication link and request for logistic services. Analysis of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Current Order Processing System It is analyzed that current order processing system at L'Oreal is effective and efficient. This success can be evaluated through the data that approx 67 % of UK's women use at least one LOreal product (The Logistics Business, 2016). The logistic business at L'Oreal has the responsibility to attempt a complete review of the process in which the company's luxury product division launched the new products as well as the handling process for sales orders. It is found that a world class consultancy team managed the logistics business at L'Oreal that has practical experience to undertake a detailed analysis and also understand difficult business system (The Logistics Business, 2016). It positively supports to improve the efficiency and the effectiveness of the current order processing system. Moreover, it is also analyzed that L'Oreal analyzes key product information through Edicom's CRP flow, in which the main parameters are exchanged via EDI with some of the main trading partners (EDICOM, 2016). Such kind of analysis supports the company to automate the processing of effective provisioning orders as well as make sure about the proper supply at all times to efficiently meet the needs of each centre (The Logistics Business, 2016). But concurrently, it is also assessed that the previous order processing system was associated with some loopholes such as flexibility and suitability of current tools, and the speed at which sales order are processed. The consultancy team at L'Oreal positively supported to overcome all these issues and make the current system more effective and efficient. It is also assessed that L'Oreal uses order management software, which help the company to provide up to date order information in one place that is accessible for each sales employees throughout the company (Nas?r, Sphan, 2015). The use of such systems supports the company in a positive manner to reduce time and cost related to order processing system. For example, it is found that in order to help both beauticians and representatives, portals which include electronic product catalogue to provide demo tips, product info, and training materials are built by L'Oreal (Nas?r, Sphan, 2015). These are beneficial to design and produce products that are demanded and expected by customers. It is because electronic product catalogue include detailed information about product specifications and also product images. Furthermore, it also supported L'Oreal to improve customers satisfaction level as well as customer base. Thus, it shows that although the current order processing system of the company is effective, however in today's global business environment, it is essential for the company to organize regular monitoring and reviews in order to maintain its effectiveness and efficiency level for long-run. It is recommended to L'Oreal that it should manage changes in current order processing system as per changes in the environment and technology development to ensure its long-term success. Additionally, it can also be recommended that the company should regularly update its order management application to better serve customers through centralized order instrumentation (Nas?r, Sphan, 2015). It is also recommended that L'Oreal should effectively integarte the order management application into the order process to overcome issues related to speed and reduce delivery time. Analysis of the Effectiveness of Current Inventory Management It is analyzed that after standardizing the raw material supply processes and packaging in Europe, a supply chain cockpit was developed by L'Oreal that considers organizational KPIs and targets. It is evaluated that as a part of supply chain information system, the cockpit is connected with production planning information among 13 European plants (Jacoby, 2010). Additionally, the inventory visibility of the cockpit was also extended by linking it to over 100 suppliers through the use of both direct data exchange and a web portal from the ERP system's of the suppliers to its own. The use of this supply chain cockpit is effective to efficiently manage the inventory across the L'Oreal different branches worldwide. At the same time, it is also assessed that dissimilar to L' Oreal's competitors, the company does not implement the JIT (Just in time) stock management system (Sople, 2009). In contrast, it follows an approach to keep one month's inventory at the CFA level in the month's opening and another one month's inventory at the warehouse. It is evalauted that the use of this approach increases the company's inventory holding cost (Sople, 2009). In addition, it also causes improper forecasting resulting in lower performance as compared to other competitors. Thus, it shows that it is essential for L'Oreal to improve forecasts in order to reduce the company's inventory holding costs and increase the profit margins. In contrary, it is analyzed that the use of advance technologies such as CRP/VMI supports the company to optimize stocks as well as good delivery at point-of-sale (EDICOM, 2016). Additionally, it is also assessed that regular analysis via EDI also positively supported the company to maintain adequate inventory levels. Concurrently, it is also found that L'Oreal also uses a supply chain index methodology, which is beneficial to estimate supply chain improvemet resulting in enhancing return on invested capital and manage the cost effectively (Cecere, 2015). Concurrently, it is also found that L'Oreal developed a solution as integrated solution for industrial systems (ISIS), which is beneficial to effectively manage order management, inventory management and real-time material movement (L'Oreal, 2015). Moreover, it is also evaluated that the implementation of OM and ERP solutions together helped L'Oreal to reduce both risk and cost related to manage inventory. It is assessed that this system positively supports the company to effectively manage the current inventory level. But, at the same time, it is also evaluated that to manage a structured supply chain on an international level, it is essential that all the inventory management systems operate on real-time basis. Thus, it is recommended that the company should focus on aligning the needs of logistic function, manufacturing function and inventory management (Israr and Gangele, 2013). Additionally, it should also focus on implementing real-time applications that are available 24*7 in o rder to ensure the effective management of the inventory and ensure firm's long-term survival, growth and success. Conclusion On the basis of above discussion, it can be concluded that the interface of logistics with other organizational functions is beneficial to make sure about the optimum utilization of resources, enhance total value delivered, and provide business growth and long-run survivability. It can be stated that to reduce the production cost, enhance customer satisfaction, make effective budgets, and allocate business resources effectively, there is need to set common boundaries for logistics and different business functions including production, marketing, and finance. Moreover, it can also be summarized that at L'Oreal in different areas like customer satisfaction and service, budgets, allocation of resources, and raw material handling, and other processes, the logistics function might interface with other functions. It can also be stated that current order processing system and inventory management processes at L'Oreal are effective and efficient. In this, it is analyzed that the use of advance technological systems, software and solutions such as ISIS, ERP, OM, etc. assist the managers at the company in an effective manner to reduce cost, manage risk and gain other benefits. But, at the same time, there are some challenges such as speed, complex business nature and changing customers' needs. Thus, to effectively meet with all these challenges, it is recommended to the company that it should focus on implementing real-time application software that works 24*7 and supports in reducing the inventory handling cost. It is also recommended that L'Oreal should also implement continuous review and monitoring programs to ensure the success of order processing and inventory management systems and tools. References Agrawal, D. K. (2003) Textbook of Logistics and Supply Chain Management. UK: Macmillan. Cecere, L. (2015) LOral: A Beautiful Supply Chain. Israr, M., and Gangele, A. (2013) Logistics across the Functional Areas Logistics Considerations in System Life Cycle. International Journal of Advance Industrial Engineering, 1(3), pp 48-53. Jacoby, D. (2010) The Economist Guide To Supply Chain Management. Profile Books. Kappauf, J., Lauterbach, B. and Koch, M. (2012) Logistic Core Operations with SAP: Inventory Management, Warehousing, Transportation, and Compliance. Germany: Springer Science Business Media. Nas?r, Sphan (2015) Customer Relationship Management Strategies in the Digital Era. UK: IGI Global. Rushton, A., Croucher, P. and Baker, P. (2014) The Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Management: Understanding the Supply Chain.